知识拓展:万圣节习俗及“Halloween”一词的由来
在西方国家，每年的10月31日，有个“Halloween”，辞典解释为“The eve of All Saints'Day”，中文译作：“万圣节之夜”。万圣节是西方国家的传统节日。这一夜是一年中最“闹鬼”的一夜，所以也叫“鬼节”。
两千多年前，欧洲的天主教会把11月1日定为“天下圣徒之日” (ALL HALLOWS DAY) 。“HALLOW” 即圣徒之意。传说自公元前五百年，居住在爱尔兰、苏格兰等地的凯尔特人 (CELTS) 把这节日往前移了一天，即10月31日。他们认为该日是夏天正式结束的日子，也就是新年伊始，严酷的冬季开始的一天。那时人们相信，故人的亡魂会在这一天回到故居地在活人身上找寻生灵，借此再生，而且这是人在死后能获得再生的唯一希望。而活着的人则惧怕死魂来夺生，于是人们就在这一天熄掉炉火、烛光，让死魂无法找寻活人，又把自己打扮成妖魔鬼怪把死人之魂灵吓走。之后，他们又会把火种烛光重新燃起，开始新的一年的生活。传说那时凯尔特人部落还有在10月31日把活人杀死用以祭奠死人的习俗。
到了公元1世纪，占领了凯尔特部落领地的罗马人也渐渐接受了万圣节习俗，但从此废止了烧活人祭死人的野蛮做法。罗马人庆祝丰收的节日与凯尔特人仪式结合，戴着可怕的面具，打扮成动物或鬼怪，则是为了赶走在他们四周游荡的妖魔。这也就是今天全球大部分人以古灵精怪的打扮，来庆祝万圣节的由来。时间流逝，万圣节的意义逐渐起了变化，变得积极快乐起来，喜庆的意味成了主流。死魂找替身返世的说法也渐渐被摒弃和忘却。到了今天，象征万圣节的形象、图画如巫婆、黑猫等，大都有友善可爱和滑稽的脸。
"Halloween"一词的产生
很多民族都在万圣节前夜有庆典聚会，这又被叫做“All Hallow E'en”、“The Eve of All Hallows”、“Hallow e'en”，或者“The eve of All Saintas' Day”。最终约定俗成演变成了“Halloween”，中文意译成了万圣节之夜。
万圣节的习俗——不请吃就捣乱
万圣节的一个有趣内容是“Trick or treat”，这习俗却并非源自爱尔兰，而是始于公元九世纪的欧洲基督教会。那时的１１月２日，被基督徒们称为 “ALL SOULS DAY”（万灵之日）。在这一天，信徒们跋涉于僻壤乡间，挨村挨户乞讨用面粉及葡萄干制成的“灵魂之饼”。据说捐赠糕饼的人家都相信教会僧人的祈祷，期待由此得到上帝的佑护，让死去的亲人早日进入天堂。这种挨家乞讨的传统传至当今竟演变成了孩子们提着南瓜灯笼挨家讨糖吃的游戏。见面时，打扮成鬼精灵模样的孩子们千篇一律地都要发出“不请吃就捣乱”的威胁，而主人自然不敢怠慢，连声说“请吃！请吃！”同时把糖果放进孩子们随身携带的大口袋里。
另外还有南瓜雕空当灯笼的故事。这又是源于古代爱尔兰。故事是说一个名叫JACK的人，是个醉汉且爱恶作剧。一天 JACK 把恶魔骗上了树，随即在树桩上刻了个十字，恐吓恶魔令他不敢下来，然后 JACK 就与恶魔约法三章，让恶魔答应施法让 JACK 永远不会犯罪为条件让他下树。 JACK 死后，其灵魂却既不能上天又不能下地狱，于是他的亡灵只好靠一根小蜡烛照着指引他在天地之间倘佯。在古老的爱尔兰传说里，这根小蜡烛是在一根挖空的萝卜里放着，称作“JACK LANTERNS”，而古老的萝卜灯演变到今天，则是南瓜做的 Jack-O-Lantern 了。据说爱尔兰人到了美国不久，即发现南瓜不论从来源和雕刻来说都比萝卜胜一筹，于是南瓜就成了万圣节的宠物。
孩子们喜爱的节日
万圣节是儿童们纵情玩乐的好时候。它在孩子们眼中，是一个充满神秘色彩的节日。夜幕降临，孩子们便迫不及待地穿上五颜六色的化妆服，戴上千奇百怪的面具，提上一盏“杰克灯”跑出去玩。“杰克灯”的样子十分可爱，做法是将南瓜掏空，外面刻上笑眯眯的眼睛和大嘴巴，然后在瓜中插上一支蜡烛，把它点燃，人们在很远的地方便能看到这张憨态可掬的笑脸。
收拾停当后，一群群装扮成妖魔鬼怪的孩子手提“杰克灯”，跑到邻居家门前，威吓般地喊着：“要恶作剧还是给款待”、“给钱还是给吃的”。如果大人不用糖果、零钱款待他们，那些调皮的孩子就说到做到：好，你不款待，我就捉弄你。他们有时把人家的门把手涂上肥皂，有时把别人的猫涂上颜色。这些小恶作剧常令大人啼笑皆非。当然，大多数人家都非常乐于款待这些天真烂漫的小客人。所以万圣节前夜的孩子们总是肚子塞得饱饱的，口袋装得满满的。
万圣节前夜最流行的游戏是“咬苹果”。游戏时，人们让苹果漂浮在装满水的盆里，然后让孩子们在不用手的条件下用嘴去咬苹果，谁先咬到，谁就是优胜者。
好吃又健康：万圣节零食总动员
1. Dark Chocolate Bites
黑巧克力块
Skip the milk chocolate and sneak antioxidant-rich dark chocolate into trick-or-treat bags. Dark chocolate contains a healthy dose of flavonoids known for lowering blood pressure and cholesterol.
别把牛奶巧克力放进糖果袋子，改放那些富含抗氧化物质的黑巧克力吧。黑巧克力含有有益健康的类黄酮，有助于降低血压和胆固醇。
2. Organic Munchies
有机零食
Let's face it, Halloween isn't the same without candy. But you can still do your bit for the environment and for the health of little ones by handing out preservative-free candy. Here's to a green, wholesome Halloween!
承认吧，没有糖果的万圣节不能算是真正的万圣节。但是，你可以选择无防腐剂的糖果，不但有益健康，而且可以保护环境。让我们一起来过一个绿色、健康的万圣节吧！
3. Chocolate-Dipped Figs
巧克力酱无花果
Did you know that dried figs are a nutritional powerhouse and pack more health benefits than most dried fruits? They’re full of fiber, calcium, potassium, and iron. Plus, figs are sweet to boot, especially when dipped in chocolate!
你知道吗，无花果干含有丰富的营养，而且和其他大部分干果相比，无花果干对身体更有益处。它富含纤维、钙、钾和铁。另外，无花果吃起来是甜的，蘸了巧克力酱后就更甜美可口了。
豆制点心
4. Soy Treats
豆制点心
Soy snacks can contain up to a whopping 7 grams of protein plus they aren't loaded with bad fats. We'll admit that soy doesn't sound very appealing. But if you go for the sweeter variety, you'll be surprised at how much it tastes like candy.
豆制品零食富含高达7克的蛋白质，同时不含不良脂肪。虽然豆制品的味道不太好，但是，你可以去尝试下那种甜味的豆制点心，你会惊讶于它和糖果相似的口感的。
橡皮糖
5. Gummy Candy
橡皮糖
Kids will spell out yummy as they devour this fat-free treat. Packed with nutrients and antioxidants, gummy letters are a healthy choice.
孩子们在大嚼特嚼这种无糖橡皮糖时一定会大呼好吃的。这种橡皮糖富含抗氧化物质，字母形状的橡皮糖是个很好的健康选择。
6. Pre-Packaged Snacks
预先包装零食
Try pretzels, nuts, trail mix, popcorn, cheese and crackers, pumpkin or sunflower seeds. All of these snacks provide good nutrients. The sunflower seeds, in particular, are high in good fat.
椒盐脆饼干、坚果、干果、爆米花、奶酪、苏打饼干、南瓜子或葵花籽，以上这些零食都是营养丰富，尤其是葵花籽，含有大量的优质脂肪。
蜂蜜芝麻酥糖
7. Honey and Sesame Candy
蜂蜜芝麻酥糖
Dazzle your neighborhood kids with bite-size honey and sesame candy. Three pieces contain 60 calories, 1 gram of protein and just 7 grams of sugar.
给邻居家的.小孩一口吃的蜂蜜芝麻酥糖吧，三块酥糖就含有60卡热量、1克蛋白质，而糖分只有7克而已。
无糖零食
8. Sugar-Free Snacks
无糖零食
If the thought of what all that Halloween candy can do to your kids' health and teeth scares you, give them sugarless gum, a dentist favorite. It contains artificial sweeteners called xylitol or sorbitol that help prevents cavities. Make sure to offer a variety of flavors for your picky trick-or-treaters. Packages of cocoa are a good standby, too.
如果你一直担心万圣节的糖果会危害到孩子的健康和牙齿的话，那么，你就可以选择牙医的最爱，无糖口香糖给孩子们吃。无糖口香糖里含有人工合成的制糖剂木糖醇或山梨糖醇，有助预防蛀牙。要给孩子们多准备些不同的口味，可以放几包可可味的备用。
水果干
9. Dried Fruits
水果干
Here’s a sweet yet sugar-free snack that tastes good and is good for your kids, too.
水果干口感香甜、不含糖分，孩子们都爱吃，还有益健康。
盒装果汁
10. Juice Boxes
盒装果汁
Offer a selection of juice boxes or homemade apple cider to help kids stay hydrated while they go trick-or-treating and get their daily dose of Vitamin C.
多准备些盒装果汁或者是自制的苹果汁，可以帮助孩子们在挨家挨户讨糖果的时候补充水分和日常所需的维生素C。
万圣节狗狗巡游：奇装异服狗狗大派对
New York-Dogs dress as Lady Gaga, New York bus and pin cushion to compete in canine Halloween costume competition.
纽约市举办万圣节狗类化装比赛，狗狗们打扮成Lady Gaga、纽约公交车或针线包争妍斗艳。
Even dogs can celebrate Halloween - and here's a show to prove it.
狗狗也可以庆祝万圣节，不相信？带你去看看。
Canines of all breeds sent tongues and tails wagging as they took part in the 2011 Tompkins Square Park Halloween Dog Parade in New York on Saturday.
在周六纽约汤普金斯广场公园举办的2011年度万圣节狗狗巡游中，各种狗狗吐着舌头摇着尾巴，它们都是参赛者。
The field of around 500 very patient pooches was packed with inventive and hilarious costumes, including a stegosaurus, Don Draper from Mad Men and a bride.
大约有500只狗狗参加了此次比赛，它们身上塞满了各种别出心裁滑稽可笑的服装，不过它们都很耐心。出彩的造型有剑龙（小编注：侏罗纪晚期巨型恐龙）、《广告狂人》中人物Don Draper的造型，还有一只狗狗扮成了新娘子。
The parade of masquerading dogs is the largest Halloween Dog Parade in the U.S.
此次的狗狗化装巡游是美国最大规模的万圣节狗狗巡游活动。
A pup done up like Lady Gaga from the 2009 VMAs won a prize for being best dressed.
一只模仿Lady Gaga在2009音乐录影带大奖时的造型的狗狗获得了最佳着装奖。
But the top dog gong of Best in Show went to a canine disguised as an M23 New York bus, fully equipped with its very own passenger, the owner's child.
不过最佳表演奖授予了一只扮成M23纽约公交车的狗狗，这只狗狗装备齐全，他的唯一乘客也就是主人的孩子也打扮并参加了巡游。
10条知识为万圣节扫盲
1. The Halloween celebration comes from All Hallows Day or All Saints Day, the 1st of November. This was originally a pagan festival of the dead, but later became a holiday to honor Christian saints.
万圣节的庆祝活动来源于每年11月1日的All Hallows Day 或All Saints Day。它原先是异教徒们纪念死者的节日，但是逐渐演变成一个纪念基督圣者的节日。
2. The name Halloween comes from a contraction of All Hallows Eve (Evening), the day before All Hallows Day. On this night it was believed that the spirits of the dead would try to come back to life!
Halloween就是All Hallows Eve的缩写。而All Hallows Eve(夜晚)是All Hallows Day 的前一天。人们认为在当天晚上，亡者的灵魂会重新复活！
3. Dressing up in costumes is one of the most popular Halloween customs, especially among children. According to tradition, people would dress up in costumes (wear special clothing, masks or disguises) to frighten the spirits away.
Dressing up in costumes是最受欢迎的万圣节风俗之一，尤其是受孩子们的欢迎。按照传统习俗，人们会dress up in costumes（穿戴一些特別的服裝，面具或者装饰）来吓跑鬼魂。
4. Popular Halloween costumes include vampires (creatures that drink blood), ghosts (spirits of the dead) and werewolves (people that turn into wolves when the moon is full).
流行的万圣节服装包括vampires（吸血鬼），ghosts（死者的灵魂）和werewolves（每当月圆时就变成狼形的人）。
5. Trick or Treat is a modern Halloween custom where children go from house to house dressed in costume, asking for treats like candy or toys. If they don't get any treats, they might play a trick (mischief or prank) on the owners of the house.
Trick or Treat 是现代万圣节的风俗。孩子们穿着特殊的衣服走街串巷，讨取糖果和玩具之类的赏赐。如果他们得不到任何的赏赐，就可能会对屋主大搞恶作剧或者胡闹了。
6. The tradition of the Jack o' Lantern comes from a folktale about a man named Jack who tricked the devil and had to wander the Earth with a lantern. The Jack o' Lantern is made by placing a candle inside a hollowed-out pumpkin, which is carved to look like a face.
Jack o' Lantern 的传统来自于一个民间传说。一个名叫Jack的人戏弄了恶魔，之后就不得不提着一盏灯在地球上流浪。Jack o' Lantern是用雕刻成脸型，中间挖空，再插上蜡烛的南瓜做成的。
7. There are many other superstitions associated with Halloween. A superstition is an irrational idea, like believing that the number 13 is unlucky!
和万圣节有关的迷信还有很多。迷信是一种不合常理的想法，比如认为13是不吉利的数字！
8. Halloween is also associated with supernatural creatures like ghosts and vampires. These creatures are not part of the natural world. They don't really exist... or do they?
万圣节还和一些诸如鬼魂和吸血鬼之类的超自然的生物有关。这些生物不是自然界的一部分。他们实际上是不存在的......或许他们其实真的存在？
9. Witches are popular Halloween characters that are thought to have magical powers. They usually wear pointed hats and fly around on broomsticks.
女巫是万圣节很受欢迎的人物，人们认为她们具有强大的魔力。他们通常戴着尖顶的帽子，骑在扫把上飞来飞去。
10. Bad omens are also part of Halloween celebrations. A bad omen is something that is believed to bring bad luck, like black cats, spiders or bats.
恶兆也是万圣节庆祝活动的一部分。人们相信恶兆会带给坏运气，黑猫、蜘蛛或者蝙蝠都算是恶兆。
情景对话：精彩刺激的万圣节晚会
Molly：How did your Halloween party go?
你们的万圣节晚会怎么样？
Gordon：Two thumbs up. It was fantastic. I met a new girlfriend. She was also a vampire. We drank some blood together.
好极了。我认识了一个新女孩。她也扮成吸血鬼。我们一起吸血。
Molly：You drank real blood?
你真的吸血吗？
Gordon：No way, it was just red juice, but we called it blood because it was Halloween night. How about your evening?
不可能，我们吸红果汁，我们叫它血因为那是在万圣节之夜。你那晚过得怎么样？
Molly：I met a handsome werewolf. But I had to say good bye to him.
我认识了一个英俊的狼人，可我不得不跟他说再见。
Gordon：Really, why did you get rid of him?
真的吗？你为什么放弃他？
Molly：I saw him today and he still looked like a werewolf.
我今天又见到他了，他看起来还是像一个狼人。
Gordon：Now that is scary!!!!!
那太可怕了！！！
万圣节（中，英文版）
关于万圣节有这样一个故事。是说有一个叫杰克的爱尔半兰人，因为他对钱特别的吝啬，就不允许他进入天堂，而被打入地狱。但是在那里他老是捉弄魔鬼撒旦，所以被踢出地狱，罚他提着灯笼永远在人世里行走。 在十月三十一日爱尔兰的孩子们用土豆和罗卜制作“杰克的灯笼”，他们把中间挖掉、表面上打洞并在里边点上蜡烛。为村里庆祝督伊德神的万圣节，孩子们提着这种灯笼挨家挨户乞计食物这种灯笼的爱尔兰名字是“拿灯笼的杰克”或者“杰克的灯笼”，缩写为Jack-o'-lantern ?在拼写为jack-o-lantern。 现在你在大多数书里读到的万圣节只是孩子们开心的夜晚。在小学校里，万圣节是每年十月份开始庆祝的。 孩子们会制作万圣节的装饰品：各种各样桔红色的南瓜灯。你可以用黑色的纸做一个可怕的造形??一个骑在扫帚把上戴著尖尖帽子的女巫飞过天空，或者是黑蝙蝠飞过月亮。这些都代表恶运。当然黑猫代表运气更差。有时候会出现黑猫骑在女巫扫帚后面飞向天空的造形。 在万圣节的晚上，我们都穿着爸爸妈妈的旧衣服和旧鞋子，戴上面具，打算外出。比我们小的孩子必须和他们的母亲一块出去，我们大一点的就一起哄到领居家，按他们的门铃并大声喊道：“恶作剧还是招待！”意思是给我们吃的，要不我们就捉弄你。里边的人们应该出?评价我们的化装。 “噢！这是鬼，那是女巫，这是个老太婆。” 有时候他们会跟我们一起玩，假装被鬼或者女巫吓着了。但是他们通常会带一些糖果或者苹果放进我们的“恶作剧还是招待”的口袋里。可是要是没人回答门铃或者是有人把我们赶开该怎么办呢？我们就捉弄他们，通常是拿一块肥皂把他们的玻璃涂得乱七八糟。然后我们回家，数数谁的糖果最多。 还有一个典型的万圣节花招是把一卷手纸拉开，不停地往树上扔，直到树全被白纸裹起?。除非下大雪或大雨把纸冲掉，纸会一直呆在树上。这并不造成真正的伤害，只是把树和院子搞乱，一种万圣节的恶作剧。
HALLOWEEN One story about Jack, an Irishman, who was not allowed into Heaven because he was stingy with his money. So he was sent to hell. But down there he played tricks on the Devil (Satan), so he was kicked out of Hell and made to walk the earth forever carrying a lantern. Well, Irish children made Jack's lanterns on October 31st from a large potato or turnip, hollowed out with the sides having holes and lit by little candles inside. And Irish children would carry them as they went from house to house begging for food for the village Halloween festival that honored the Druid god Muck Olla. The Irish name for these lanterns was "Jack with the lantern" or "Jack of the lantern," abbreviated as " Jack-o'-lantern" and now spelled "jack-o-lantern." The traditional Halloween you can read about in most books was just children's fun night. Halloween celebrations would start in October in every elementary school. Children would make Halloween decorations, all kinds of orange-paper jack-o-lanterns. And from black paper you'd cut "scary" designs ---an evil witch with a pointed hat riding through the sky on a broomstick, maybe with black bats flying across the moon, and that meant bad luck. And of course black cats for more bad luck. Sometimes a black cat would ride away into the sky on the back of the witch's broom. And on Halloween night we'd dress up in Mom or Dad's old shoes and clothes, put on a mask, and be ready to go outside. The little kids (children younger than we were) had to go with their mothers, but we older ones went together to neighbors' houses, ringing their doorbell and yelling, "Trick or treat!" meaning, "Give us a treat (something to eat) or we'll play a trick on you!" The people inside were supposed to come to the door and comment on our costumes. Oh! here's a ghost. Oh, there's a witch. Oh, here's an old lady. Sometimes they would play along with us and pretend to be scared by some ghost or witch. But they would always have some candy and maybe an apple to put in our "trick or treat bags." But what if no one come to the door, or if someone chased us away? Then we'd play a trick on them, usually taking a piece of soap and make marks on their windows. .And afterwards we would go home and count who got the most candy. One popular teen-agers' Halloween trick was to unroll a roll of toilet paper and throw it high into a tree again and again until the tree was all wrapped in the white paper. The paper would often stay in the tree for weeks until a heavy snow or rain washed it off. No real harm done, but it made a big mess of both the tree and the yard under it. One kind of Halloween mischief.
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