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2015年6月英语六级考前模拟试题（4）
一、写作(共1题，合计15分)
11.随着电子设备的增多，电子垃圾也越来越多2.电子垃圾的危害很多3.为此，我们应该……
The Damage of E-waste
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三、阅读理解(共4题，合计35分)
根据下面材料，回答37-46题。The Guard Jan
Greece，economically，is in the black.With very little to export other than such farm products as tobacco，cotton and fruit，the country earns enough from“invisible earnings”topay for its needed，growing imports.From the sending out of things the Greeks，earn only$285million;from tourism，shipping and the remittances of Greeks abroad.the country takes in an 36$375 million and this washes out the almost$400 million by which imports exceed exports.
It has a balanced budget.Although more than one drachma(希腊货币)out of four goes for defense，the government ended a recent year with a slight surplus一$66 million.Greece has adecent 37 of almost a third of a billion do Hars in gold and foreign exchange.It has a governmentnot dependent on coalescing 38 parties to obtain parliamentary majorities.
In thus summarizing a few happy highlights，I don't mean to 39 the vast extent ofGreece’s problems.It is the poorest country by a wide margin in Free Europe，and poverty iswidespread.At best an annual income of$60 to$70 is the lot of many a peasant.and substantialunemployment 40 the countatside，cities， and towns of Greece. There are few natural resources onwhich to build any substantial industrial base.Some years ago I wrote here:“Greek statesmanship will have to create an atmosphere in which home and foreign saves will willingly seek investment opportunities in the back ward economy of Greece.So far，mostAmerican and other foreign attempt have 41 down in the Greek government's red tape and shrewdnessabout small points.” Great 42 have been made.As far back as 1956，expanding tourism seemed a logical way to bring needed foreign currencies and additional jobs to Greece.At that time I talked with theHilton Hotel people，who had been examining hotel possibilities，and to the Greek governmentdivision responsible for this area of the economy.They were hopelessly 43 in almost totaldifferences of opinion and outlook.
Today most of the incredibly varied，beautiful，historical sights of Greece have new，if in many cases modest.tourist facilities.Tourism itself has jumped from 44 $31 million toover$90 million.There is both a magnificent new Hilton Hotel in Athens and a completely modernized，greatly expanded Grande Bretagne，as well as other first rate new hotels.And the adventof jets has made Athens as 45 as Paris or Rome-without the sky high prices of traffic choked streetsof either.
A. accessible
B. additional
C. approximately
D. boggedE. contend
F. deadlocked
G. deflect
H. deliberately
I. execution
J. incompatible
K. Incomparable
L. mininlize
M. plagues
N. resever
O. strides
37第36题答案为__________
38第37题答案为__________
39第38题答案为__________
40第39题答案为__________
41第40题答案为__________
42第41题答案为__________
43第42题答案为__________
44第43题答案为__________
45第44题答案为__________
46第45题答案为__________
根据下面材料，回答47-56题。
German’s Education System
[A]Germany invented the modern university but long ago lost its leading position to other countries，especially America.These days the land of poets and thinkers is prouder of its“dualsystem”for training skilled workers such as bakers and electricians.Teenagers not bound foruniversity apply for places in three—year programmes combining classroom learning with practicalexperience within companies.The direct benefit is superior German quality in haircuts as well ascars.Dual training"is the reason we’re the world export champion”，says Mrs Schavan，the education minister.Azubis(trainees)acquire not just a professional qualification but an identity.
[B]But the dual system is under pressure.The number of places offered by companies has long beenfalling short of the number of applicants. Almost as many youngsters move into a“transitionalsystem”，a grab-bag of remedial education programs designed to prepare them for the dual system oranother qualification.Often it turns out to be a dead end，especially for male immigrants.Andgiven that Germany produces far fewer university graduates than many comparable countries.somewonder whether the dual system is producing the right qualifications for the knowledge—basedprofessions of the future.
[C]The system is governed by a consortium(协会)representing almost everyone who counts：the federaland state governments.the chambers of conunerce and the unions.It regulates access t0 350 narrowlydefined trades.You can train to become a goldsmith，or if you want to manage a McDonald’s youlearn Systemgastronomie. Baking bread and pastries(糕点)are separate disciplines.Schools outside the system may not train Azubis for a reserved trade.
[D]It makes sense to combine theory and practice，says Here Solga of the Social Science ResearchCentre in Berlin。but the dual system is rigid and discriminatory.And because the trades ale sospecialized.getting a job at the end can be hard.In 2005 more than a third of graduates wereunemployed a year after completing their course.Once a scholar,always a scholar
[E]The type of secondary school a German attends，the degree he obtains and the exams he passesclassify him for life.The differentiations are made earlier and more rigidly than in othercountries. Many children are typecast(定型)at age ten，which is when most German states decide which of threekinds of secondary school he or she will attend.Traditionally the Hauptschulen。the lowesttier，were the main suppliers of recruits to the dual training system，but they gradually becamedumping grounds for children who could not keep up.Upon leaving(sometimes without passing the finalexanl).nearly 40% of these students find themselves in the precarious transitional system.Thedual system now draws its intake mainly from the middle—grade Realschulen，the traditional trainingground for white—collar workers，and even Gymnasien(grammar schools)，the main route touniversity.
[F]The state bureaucracy acknowledges four career paths：the simple，middle，elevated and higherservices.Bureaucrats in one category can rarely be ambitions to careers.Teachers in Gynumsieneajoy a higher status than those at other schools，and have their own trade union，the grandly namedPhilologenverband.A Meisterbrief，the highest vocational credent/a/(证书)，is not just a badge ofcompetence but in some trades a keep-off sign to competitors.
[G]Germans are now asking themselves whether this way of doing things is fair，and whether it isworking.Although income is distributed relatively equally，opportunity is not.“Germany is one ofthe most rigid among the relatively advanced societies，”says Karl Ulrich Mayer，a sociologist atYale University.But social exclusiveness has not produced excellence.The 2001“PISA shock”一a setof OECD figures which.revealed that German 15一year-olds scored in the bottom third among schoolchildren from 32 countries in tests of reading and maths has not worn off.Overall.Genuany’sperformance remains mediocre。 More than a fifth of 15-year-olds cannot read.or calculateproperly;8%of teenagers drop out of school.A war of ideoiogies
[H] There is“no consensus on the content and goals of education”。says Mrs Schavan.The argumentsextend from primary schools to universities and are as much about tradition and status as aboutlearning.Many Germans are to scrap a system so closely identified with the country’s economic andcultural success.
[I]A controversy now raging m Hamburg，a port city and one of Germany’s smallest states，illustrates the strife.In 2008 the Christian Democrats，normally champions of the threetier high school system，formed their first state level coalition with the left leaning GreenParty.The Greens won agreement for a radical school reform，mainly by extending primary schooling(and thus shortening secondary schooling)by two years.The idea was that if streaming children by ability：is done later，the slower ones will have a better chance of doing well and thebrighter ones will at least fare no worse.
[J]Middle.class parents of Gymnasium bound children rebelled.The“Gucci protesters”collected morethan enough signatures to get the reform put to a referendum.The.parents fear that their childrenwill be dragged down by academic laggards in the name of social justice，although such evidence asis available points in the opposite direction.
[K]Almost any education reform offends somebody.In a move to strengthen federalism in 2006，thefederal government was banned from investing ill areas reserved for the l6 states(includingeducation)，which makes serious reform even harder.Progress is halting but the direction is clear：the system is being streamlined，schools are being made more accountable and the hierarchy isbecoming less rigid.
[L] The 2001 PISA results，which not only compared Germany with other countries but individualGerman states with each other。put state education ministers under pressure.Both states and thefederal government are sharpening their instruments for measuring schoois’performance.Starting in2005. the states for the first time submitted to binding quality standards for secondary schools.
[M]’the universities are embroiled in a row of their own.They have given up the revered Diplom tocomply with Europe’s Bologna process，which mandates(mostly shorter)bachelor's and master’sdegrees.This is meant to make German system compatible with others in Europe(and encourage students to move arounD.，and to award more useful degrees.Hard core traditionalists oppose thereform in principle，but the main objections are its sometimes sloppy implementation and the scantresources available to universities in general.
47The direct benefit for German from也e“dual system”is that all products are of good quaiity.
48Meisterbrief acknowledged by the state bureauracy is a highest certification and a sign ofstatus.
49The controversial dual system has a privilege of controlling the access of 350 defined trades.
50According to Heike Solga，the dual system lacks flexibility and shows prejudice.
51Education reforms should be promoted by skills of hand.
52In Germany.children attending Gymnasien can be classified for a promising life.
53The comparisons of PISA results between countries and states result in binding quality standardsfor secondary schools.
54The rigid class social system produced commonplace talents.
55The aim of the universities reform in Germany is not only to award useful degrees.but makeGerman system compatible with European ones
56The controversy raging in Hamburg focuses on extending primary schooling
根据下面材料，回答57-61题。
University of York biologist Peter Mayhew recently found that global warming might actually increase the number of species on the planet，contrary to a previous report that highertemperatures meant fewer life forms—a report mat was his own.
In Mayhew’s initial 2008 study，low biodiversity among marine invertebrates(无脊椎动物)appeared to coincide with warmer temperatures on Earth over the last 520million years. But Mayhew and his colleagues decided to reexamine their hypothesis，this time usingdata that were“a fairer sample of the history of life.”砌this new collection of material.theyfound a complete reversal of the relationship between species richness and temperature from whattheir previous paper argued：the number of different groups present in the fossil record washigher，rather than lower，durin9“greenhouse phases.”
Their previous findings rested on an assumption that fossil records can be taken to represent biodiversity changes throughout history.Thisn’t necessarily the case.because there arecertain periods with higher.quality fossil samples.and some that are much more difficult to samplewell.Aware of this bias.Mayhew’s team used data that standardized the number of fossils examinedthroughout history and accounted for other variables like sea level changes that might influencebiodiversity in their new study to see if their old results would hold up.
Two years later，the results did not.But then why doesn't life increasingly emergeon Earth as our temperatures get warmer?While the switch may prompt some to assert that climatechange is not hazardous to living creatures，Mayhew explained that the timescales in his team’sstudy are huge--over 500million years--and therefore inappropriate for the shorter periods that wemight look at as humans concerned about global wanning.Many global warming concerns are focused onthe next century.He said——and the lifetime of a species is typically one to 10 million years. “I do worry that these findings vill be used by the climate skeptic community to say‘look.Climate warming is fine。he said.Not to mention the numerous other things we seem to doto create a storm of threats to biodiversity—think of what habitat(栖息地)destruction，overfishing，and pollution can do for a species’viability(生存力).Those things，Mayhew explained，give the organisms a far greaterchallenge in coping with climate change than they would have had in the absence of humans. “If we were to relax all these pressures on biodiversity and allow the world to
57What is the finding of Peter Mayhew’s recent study?
A. Higher temperature causes the low biodiversity of marine invertebrates.
B. Fossil record can represent a relatively believable history of life.
C. The number of fossils was higher during greenhouse phases.
D. Global warming might promote the richness of species on Earth.
58What do we learn about Mayhew’s previous report?
A. It was based on his colleagues’hypothesis about global warmin9.
B. It was contrary to what his team found in the recent study.
C. It was a complete reversal from his 2008 study about marine invertebrates.
D. It found evidence for the connections between biodiversity and temperature.
59Why does Mayhew’s team use data that standardized the number of fossils?
A. They realize not all fossils can sample well to represent biodiversity changes.
B. They start to consider the variables that might influence biodiversity.
C. They want to check the previous findings with different research methods.
D. They believe sea level changes can lead to inaccurate fossil records.
60Because of the huge timescales in his study，Mayhew believed .
A. global warming is not hazardous t0 1iving creatures in a short time
B. his study is not suitable to support short-term global warming
C. global warming concerns should be focused on in the next century
D. the lifetime of a species can be extended t0 10 million years
61By“we don’t have 500 million years to wait”(Line 4，Para.6)，the author suggests that_____.
A. we have no enough time to allow the earth to recover from damages
B. we have no enough time to witness the evolution of a species
C. it’s urgent for humans to take steps to prevent global warming
D. it's necessary for humans to stop maltreatment of the planet
根据下面材料，回答62-66题。
Uke a tired marriage.the relationship between libraries and publishers has long beenreassuringly dull.E—books，however，are causing heartache.Libraries know they need digital wares if they are to remain relevant，but many publishers are too careful about piracy and lost sales to c0.operate.Among the big six.onlyRandom House and HarperCollins license e-books with most libraries.The others have either deniedrequests or are reluctantly experimenting.
Publishers are wise to be nervous.Owners of e.readers are exactly the customers they need：book—lovers with money-neither the devices nor broadband connections come cheap.Ifthese wonderful people switch to borrowing e-books instead of buying them，what then? Electronic borrowing is awfully convenient.Unlike printed books.which must bechecked out and returned to a physical library miles from where you live，book files can bedownloaded at home.Digital library catalogues are often browsed at night.from a comfortablesofa.The files disappear from the device when they are due.
Awkwardly for publishers，buying an e—book costs more than renting one but offerslittle extra value. You cannot resell it。lend it to a friend or burn it to stay warm.Owning a book isuseful if you want to savour(品尝)it repeatedly，but who reads“Fifty Shades of Grey”twice? E-1ending is not simple.however.There are lots of different and often incompatiblee-book formats，devices and licences.Most libraries use a company called OverDrive，a globaldistributor that secures rights from publishers and provides e-books and audio files in everyformat.Yet publishers and libraries are worried by OverDrive’s market dominance，as the companycan increasingly dictate fees and conditions.
Library boosters argue that book borrowers are also book buyers，and that libraries are vital spaces for readers to discover new work.Many were.cheered by a recent Pew survey，whichfound that more than half of Americans with Hbrary cards say they prefer to buy their e-books.Butthe report also noted that few people know that e-books are available at most libraries，and thatpopular titles often involve long waiting lists，which may be what inspires people to buy. So publishers keep adjusting their lending arrangements in：search of the right balance.Random House raised its licensing prices earlier this year，and Harper Collins limitslibraries to lending its titles 26 times.
Hachita is engaged in some secret experiments，and the others are watching with heldbreath.In Britain the government will soon announce a review of the matter.The story of thelibrary e-book is a nail-biter.
62What can be inferred from the fast paragraph?
A. Libraries are eager to keep relationship with publishers.
B. Several publishers have sold e-books to most libraries.
C. Libraries care too much about piracy and book sales.
D. Most publishers hesitate to cooperate with libraries.
63What does the author say about electronic borrowing?
A. It call help save readers’expenses on devices and broadband connections.
B. It needs checking out and returning to the library via the Intemet.
C. It enables readers to resell the book files or lend them to friends.
D. It has a time limit for the book files downloader on the device.
64What do we learn about OverDrive?
A. It has the privilege to offer readers various brands of e-readers.
B. It distributes e-books and audio files to publishers.
C. Its market dominance threatens publishers and libraries.
D. It devotes itself to improving conditions of e.book market.
65According to the recent Pew survey，_____
A. more than half of Americans choose e-books over physical copies
B. people with library cards advocate borrowing rather than buying books
C. people with library cards have to wait to borrow popular e-books
D. the desire to collect a popular book inspires people to buy it
66By“a nail-biter”(Line 4，Para.7)，the author suggests that_____
A. it’s urgent for Librairies to cooperate with publishers
B. publishers have many secret experiments to conduct
C. it’s impossible for publishers to distribute e-books to libraries
D. many problems about e-book lending need to be solved
四、翻译(共1题，合计15分)
中国是世界上最早开发利用矿产资源的国家之一。过去50年，中国在矿产资源勘探开发(the survey and development)方面取得了巨大成就，这为中国经济的持续、快速、健康发展提供了重要保障。中国是一个人口众多、资源相对不足的发展中国家，主要依靠本国的矿产资源来保障现代化建设(modernization program)}的需要。同时中国还积极引进国外资本和技术开发中国矿产资源。中国政府高度重视可持续发展和矿产资源的合理利用，把可持续发展(sustainable development)确定为国家战略，把保护资源作为可持续发展战略的重要内容。
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