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2013年职称英语卫生类A级真题及答案
一、词汇选项
1.The drinking water has became contaminated with lead.
A. polluted B. treated C. tested D. corrupted
2.Respect for life is a cardinal principle of the law.
A. moral B. regular C. fundamental D. hard
3.The rules are too rigid to allow for human error.
A. inflexible B. general C. complex D. direct
4.She shed a few tears at her daughter’s wedding.
A. wiped B. injected C. produced D. removed
5.They didn’t seem to appreciate the magnitude of the problem.
A. existence B. importance C. cause D. Situation
6.The contract between the two companies will expire soon.
A. shorten B. end C. start D. resume
7.The proposal was endorsed the majority of members.
A. rejected B. submitted C. considered D. approved
8.The police will need to keep a wary eye on this area of town.
A. naked B. cautious C. blind D. private
9.Many experts remain skeptical about his claims.
A. doubtful B. untouched C. certain D. silent
10.Rumors began to circulate about his financial problems.
A. send B. spread C. hear D. confirm
11.Three world-class tennis players came to content for this title.
A. argue B. claim C. wish D. compete
12.The tower remains intact ever after two hundred years.
A. unknown B. unusual C. undamaged D. unstable
13.The methods of communication used during the war were primitive.
A. simple B. reliable C. effective D. alternative
14.Come out, or I’ll bust the door down.
A. shut B. set C. break D. beat
15.This species has nearly died out because its habitat is being destroyed.
A. turned dead B. passed by
C. carried away D. become extinct
参考答案：ACAAB BDBAB DCACD
第2部分：阅读判断(第16-22题，每题1分，共7分)
In Your Face
Why is this man so angry? We don't know the reason, but we can see the emotion in his face. Whatever culture you come from, you can expressing.
Forty years ago, psychologist Paul Ekman of the University of California, San Francisco, became interested in how people's faces show their feelings. He took photographs of Americans expressing various emotions. Then he showed them to the Fore people, who live in the jungle in New Guinea. Most of the Fore had never seen foreign faces, but they easily understood Americans' expressions of anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, fear, and surprise.
Then Ekman did the same experiment in reverse. He showed pictures of Fore faces to Americans, and the results were similar. Americans had no problems reading the emotions on the Fore people's faces. Ekman's research gave powerful support to the theory that facial expressions for basic emotions are the same everywhere. He did more research in Japan, Brazil, and Argentina, and got the same results.
According to Ekman, these six emotions are universal because they are built into our brains. They developed to help us deal with things quickly that might hurt us. Some emotional triggers are universal as well. When something suddenly comes into sight, people feel fear, because it might be dangerous. But most emotional triggers are learned. For example, two people might smell newly cut grass. One person spent wonderful summers in the country as a child, so the smell makes him happy. The other person remembers working very hard on a farm and being hungry, so he feels sad.
Once we make an emotional asssociation in our brain,it is diffficult,and sometiomes impossible,to change it.”Emotions is the least changeable part of the brain,”says Ekman.But we can learn to manage our emotions better. For instance, we can be more aware of things that make us angry and we can think before we react.
There are many differences between cultures, in their languages and customs. But a smile is exactly the same everywhere.
16. Paul Ekman studies people's faces in different cultures.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
17. Ekman did research in several countries and got different results.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
18. Americans get angry more often than the Fore people from New Guinea
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
19. Ekman thinks that some basic emotions are the same everywhere.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
20. Two people might feel different emotions about the same thing.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
21. Fear is the most difficult emotion to change.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
22. People of different cultures smile when they understand each other.
A. Right B. Wrong C. Not mentioned
第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23-30题，每题1分，共8分)
下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23~26题要求从所给的6个选项中为指定段落每段选择1个最佳标题;(2)第27~30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定一个最佳选项。
Organic Food: Why?
1. Europe is now the biggest market for organic food in the world, expanding by 25 percent a year over the past 10 years. So what is the attraction of organic food for some people? The really important thing is that organic sounds more “natural”. Eating organic is a way of defining oneself as natural, good, caring, different from the junk-food-eating masses.
2. Unlike conventional farming, the organic approach means farming with natural rather than man-made, fertilisers and pesticides. Techniques such as crop rotation(轮种) improve soil quality and help organic farmers compensate for the absence of man-made chemicals. As a method of food production, organic is, however, inefficient in its use of labour and land; there are severe limits to how much food can be produced. Also, the environmental benefits of not using artificial fertiliser are tiny compared with the amount of carbon dioxide emitted(排放) by transporting food.
3. Organic farming is often claimed to be safer than conventional farming. Yet studies into organic farming worldwide continue to reject this claim. An extensive review by the UK Food Standards Agency found that there was no statistically significant difference between organic and conventional crops. Even where results indicated there was evidence of a difference, the reviewers found no sign that these differences would have any noticeable effect on health
4. The simplistic claim that organic food is more nutritious than conventional food was always likely to be misleading. Food is a natural product, and the health value of different foods will vary for a number of reasons, including freshness, the way the food is cooked, the type of soil it is grown in, the amount of sunlight and rain crops have received, and so on. Likewise, the flavour of a carrot has less to do with whether it was fertilised with manure(粪便) or something out of a plastic sack than with the variety of carrot and how long ago it was dug up.
5. The notion that organic food is safer than “normal” food is also contradicted by the fact that many of our most common foods are full of natural toxins(霉素). As one research expert says: “People think that the more natural something is, the better it is for them. That is simply not the case. In fact, it is the opposite that is true: the closer a plant is to its natural state, the more likely it is that it will poison you. Naturally many plants do not want to be eaten, so we have spent 10,000 years developing agriculture and breeding out harmful traits from crops.”
23. Paragraph 1 A
24. Paragraph 2 B
25. Paragraph 3 F
26. Paragraph 4 C
A. Main reason for the popularity of organic food
B. Description of organic farming
C. Factors that affect food health value
D. Testing the taste of organic food
E. Necessity to remove hidden dangers from food
F. Research into whether organic food is better
27. Techniques of organic farming help ___C______.
28. There is no convincing evidence to ____A_____.
29. The weather conditions during the growth of crops____F_____.
30. The closer a plant is to its natural state, the less suitable it is to___E______.
A. show that organic crops are safer than conventional ones
B. be specially trained
C. improve soil quality
D. poison you
E. be eaten
F. affect their nutritional content
参考答案：ABFCCAFE
第4部分：阅读理解(第31-45题，每题3分，共45分)
下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题。请根据短文内容，为每题确定1个最佳选项。
第一篇 Why Don’t Babies Talk Like Adults?
Over the past half-century, scientists have settled on two reasonable theories related to baby talk. One states that a young child's brain needs time to master language, in the same way that it does to master other abilities such as physical movement. The second theory states that a child's vocabulary level is the key factor. According to this theory, some key steps have to occur in a logical sequence before sentence formation occurs. Children's mathematical knowledge develops in the same way.
In 2007, researchers at Harvard University, who were studying the two theories, found a clever way to test them. More than 20,000 internationally adopted children enter the U.S. each year. Many of them no longer hear their birth language after they arrive, and they must learn English more or less the same way infants do 一 that is, by listening and by trial and error. International adoptees don't take classes or use a dictionary when they are learning their new tongue and most of them don't have a well-developed first language. All of these factors make them an ideal population in which to test these competing hypotheses about how language is learned
Neuroscientists Jesse Snedeker, Joy Geren and Carissa Shafto studied the language development of 27 children adopted from China between the ages of two and five years. These children began learning English at an older age than US natives and had more mature brains with which to tackle the task. Even so, just as with American-born infants, their first English sentences consisted of single words and were largely bereft (缺乏的)of function words, word endings and verbs. The adoptees then went through the same stages as typical American-born children, though at a faster clip. The adoptees and native children started combining words in sentences when their vocabulary reached the same sizes, further suggesting that what matters is not how old you are or how mature your brain is, but the number of words you know.
This finding 一 that having more mature brains did not help the adoptees avoid the toddle-talk stage 一 suggests that babies speak in baby talk not because they have baby brains, but because they have only just started learning and need time to gain enough vocabulary to be able to expand their conversations. Before long, the one-word stage will give way to the two-word stage and so on. Learning how to chat like an adult is a gradual process.
But this potential answer also raises an even older and more difficult question. Adult immigrants who learn a second language rarely achieve the same proficiency in a foreign language as the average child raised as a native speaker. Researchers have long suspected there is a "critical period" for language development, after which it cannot proceed with full success to fluency. Yet we still do not understand this critical period or know why it ends.
31. What is the writer's main purpose in Paragraph 2?
A. To reject the view that adopted children need two languages.
B. To argue that culture affects the way children learn a language.
C. To give reasons why adopted children were used in the study.
D. To justify a particular approach to language learning.
32. Snedekert Geren and Shafto based their study on children who
A. were finding it difficult to learn English.
B. were learning English at a later age than US children.
C. had come from a number of language backgrounds.
D. had taken English lessons in China.
33. What aspect of the adopted children's language development differed from that of US-born children?
A. The rate at which they acquired language.
B. Their first words.
C. The way they learn English.
D. The point at which they started producing sentences.
34. What does the Harvard finding show?
A. Not all toddlers use baby talk.
B. Some children need more conversation than others.
C. Language learning takes place in ordered steps.
D. Not all brains work in the same way.
35. When the writer says "critical period", he means a period when
A. studies produce useful results.
B. adults need to be taught like children.
C. language learning takes place effectively.
D. immigrants want to learn another language.
第二篇 DNA Fingerprinting
DNA is the genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals(哺乳动物) the strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes(染色体). With the exception of identical siblings (as in identical twins), the complete DNA of each individual is unique.
DNA fingerprinting is sometimes called DNA typing. It is a method of identification that compares bits of DNA. A DNA fingerprint is constructed by first drawing out a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva(唾液). The sample is then segmented using enzymes(酶), and the segments are arranged by size. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray film, where they form a pattern of black bars — the DNA fingerprint. If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples match, the two samples probably came from the same person.
DNA fingerprinting was first developed as an identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases, it soon came to be used in criminal investigations and legal affairs. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence in the United States occurred in 1988. In criminal investigations, DNA fingerprints derived from evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of suspects. Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted DNA test results into evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas: the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible misuse of the technique.
The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons. First, because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are “fingerprinted”; a DNA fingerprint may not be unique; large-scale research to confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been conducted. In addition, DNA fingerprinting is often done in private laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality controls. Also, since human beings must interpret the test, human error could lead to false results.
DNA fingerprinting is expensive. Suspects who are unable to provide their own DNA to experts may not be able to successfully defend themselves against charges based on DNA evidence.
Widespread use of DNA testing for identification purposes may lead to the establishment of a DNA fingerprint database.
36. If two sisters are identical twins, their complete DNAs are
A. the same.
B. unique.
C. different.
D. similar.
37. DNA fingerprinting is a technique of
A. grouping DNA strands into structures.
B. segmenting DNA with probes
C. constructing body tissues by enzymes.
D. identifying a person by comparing DNAs
38. DNA fingerprinting was first used in
A. criminal investigation.
B. animal reproduction.
C. private laboratories
D. genetic disease detection.
39. People question the reliability of DNA fingerprinting for
A. the subjective interpretation of test results.
B. its complex procedure
C. its large scale research.
D. its uniform testing standards.
40. it can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that DNA fingerprinting
A. is costly to the police.
B. could be a social issue.
C. is the only way to prove innocence.
D. has been a profitable business.
第三篇 On the Trail of the Honey Badgers
On a recent field trip to the Kalahari Desert, a team of researchers learnt a lot more about honey badgers (獾). The team employed a local wildlife expert, Kitso Khama, to help them locate and follow the badgers across the desert. Their main aim was to study the badgers’ movements and behaviour as discreetly (谨慎地) as possible, without frightening them away or causing them to change their natural behaviour. They also planned to trap a few and study them close up before releasing them. In view of the animal’s reputation, this was something that even Khama was reluctant to do.
“The problem with honey badgers is they are naturally curious animals, especially when they see something new,” he says. “that, combined with their unpredictable nature, can be a dangerous mixture. If they sense you have food, for example, they won’t be shy about coming right up to you for something to eat. They’re actually quite sociable creatures around humans, but as soon as they feel they might be in danger, they can become extremely vicious (凶恶的). Fortunately this is rare, but it does happen.”
The research confirmed many things that were already known. As expected, honey badgers ate any creatures they could catch and kill. Even poisonous snakes, feared and avoided by most other animals, were not safe from them. The researchers were surprised, however, by the animal’s fondness for local melons, probably because of their high water content. Previously researchers thought that the animal got all of its liquid requirements from its prey (猎物). The team also learnt that, contrary to previous research findings, the badgers occasionally formed loose family groups. They were also able to confirm certain results from previous research, including the fat that female badgers never socialized with each other.
Following some of the male badgers was a challenge, since they can cover large distances in a short space of time. Some hunting territories cover more than 500 square kilometers. Although they seem happy to share these territories with other males, there are occasional fights over an important food source, and male badgers can be as aggressive towards each other as they are towards other species.
As the badgers became accustomed to the presence of people, it gave the team the chance to get up close to them without being the subject of the animal’s curiosity — or their sudden aggression. The badgers’ eating patterns, which had been disrupted, returned to normal. It also allowed the team to observe more closely some of the other creatures that form working associations with the honey badger, as these seems to adopt the badgers’ relaxed attitude when near humans.
41. Why did the wildlife experts visit the Kalahari Desert?
A. To find where honey badgers live.
B. To observe how honey badgers behave.
C. To catch some honey badgers for food.
D. To find out why honey badgers have a bad reputation.
42. What does Kitso Khama say about honey badgers?
A. They show interest in things they are not familiar with.
B. They are always looking for food.
C. They do not enjoy human company.
D. It is common for them to attack people.
43. What did the team find out about honey badgers?
A. There were some creatures they did not eat.
B. They may get some of the water they needed from fruit.
C. They were afraid of poisonous creatures.
D. Female badgers did not mix with male badgers.
44. Which of the following is a typical feature of male badgers?
A. They don’t run very quickly.
B. They hunt over a very large area.
C. They defend their territory from other badgers.
D. They are more aggressive than females
45. What happened when honey badgers got used to humans around them?
A. They became less aggressive towards other creatures.
B. They lost interest in people.
C. They started eating more.
D. Other animals started working with them.
第5部分：补全短文(第46-50题，每题2分，共10分)
下面的短文有5处空白，短文后有6个句子，其中5个取自短文，请根据短文内容将其分别放回原有位置，以恢复文章面貌。
Toads are Arthritic and in Pain
Arthritis(关节炎) is an illness that can cause pain and swelling in your bones. Toads(蟾蜍), a big problem in the north of Australia, are suffering from painful arthritis in their legs and backbone, a new study has shown. The toads that jump the fastest are more likely to be larger and to have longer legs. 46_________.
The large yellow toads, native to South and Central America, were introduced into the north-eastern Australian state of Queensland in 193S in an attempt to stop beetles and other insects from destroying sugarcane crops. Now up to 200 million of the poisonous toads exist in the country, and they are rapidly spreading through the state of Northern Territory at a rate of up to 60 km a year. The toads can now be found across more than one million square kilometers. 47_________. A Venezuelan poison virus was tried in the 1990s but had to be abandoned after it was found to also kill native frog species.
The toads have severely affected ecosystems in Australia. Animals, and sometimes pets, that eat the toads die immediately from their poison, and the toads themselves eat anything they can fit inside their mouth. 48_________.
A co-author of the new study, Rick Shine, a professor at the University of Sydney, says that little attention has been given to the problems that toads face. Rick and his colleagues studied nearly 500 toads from Queensland and the Northern Territory and found that those in the latter state were very different. They were active, sprinting down roads and breeding quickly.
According to the results of the study, the fastest toads travel nearly one kilometre a night. 49_________. But speed and strength come at a price — arthritis of the legs and backbone due to constant pressure placed on them.
In laboratory tests, the researchers found that after about 15 minutes of hopping, arthritic toads would travel less distance with each hop(跳跃). 50_________. These toads are so programmed to move, apparently, that even when in pain the toads travelled as fast and as far as the healthy ones, continuing their relentless march across the landscape.
49.A. Toads with longer legs move faster and travel longer distances, while the others are being left behind.
50.B. But arthritis didn’t slow down toads outside the laboratory, the researchers found.
47.C. Furthermore, they soon take over the natural habitats of Australia’s native species.
48D. The task now facing the country is how to remove the toads.
46.E. But this advantage also has a big drawback — up to 10% of the biggest toads suffer from arthritis.
F. Toads are not built to be road runners — they are built to sit around ponds and wet areas.
第6部分：完形填空(第51-65题，每题1分，共15分)
下面的短文有15处空白，请根据短文内容为每处空白确定1个最佳选项。
Scientists Develop Ways of Detecting Heart Attack
German researchers have come up with a new generation of defibrillators (除颤器) and early-warning software aimed at offering heart patients greater_________(51) from sudden death from cardiac arrest (心脏停搏).
In Germany alone, around 100,000 people die annually_________ (52) a result of cardiac arrest and many of these cases are caused by disruption to the heart's rhythm. Those most at_________ (53) are patients who have already suffered a heart attack, and for years the use of defibrillators has proved useful in _________ (54) life-threatening disruptions to heart rhythms and correcting them automatically by intervening within seconds. These devices_________(55) on a range of functions, such as that of pacemaker(起搏器)
Heart specialists at Freiburg's University Clinic have now achieved a breakthrough with an implanted defibrillator _________ (56) of generating a six-channel electrocardiogram (ECG,心电图)within the body. This integrated system allows _________(57) diagnosis of severe blood-flow problems and a pending (即将发生的)heart attack. It will. be implanted in _________(58) for the first time this year. Meanwhile, researchers at the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Mathematics in Kaiserslautern have developed new computer software that_________(59) the evaluation of ECG data more precise.
The overwhelming majority of patients at risk will not have an implanted defibrillator and must for this _________ (60) undergo regular ECGs. "Many of the current programs only take into_________(61) a linear correlation of the data. We are, however, making use of a non-linear process_________(62) reveals the chaotic patterns of heart beats as an open and complex system," Hagen Knaf says. "In this way changes in the heart_________ (63) over time can be monitored and individual variations in patients taken into account." An old study of ECG data, based upon 600 patients who had to compare risks and to show that the new software evaluates the considerably better.
51. A. service B. discount C. protection D. advice
52. A. for B. as C. with D. in
53. A. last B. all C. once D. risk
54. A. leading B. causing C. diagnosing D. repeating
55. A. put B. go C. take D. keep
56. A. worthy B. full C. proud D. capable
57. A. final B. differential C. usual D. early
58. A. doctors B. researchers C. patients D. nurses
59. A. carries B. has C. requires D. makes
60. A. reason B. purpose C. treatment D. chance
61. A. account B. trouble C. confusion D. effort
62. A. what B. that C. since D. it
63. A. beats B. failures C. attacks D. shapes
64. A. suffered B. launched C. avoided D. started
65. A. option B. method C. proposal D. data
科学家探索发现心脏病的方法
德国研究者们发明了新一代的除颤器和旨在为心脏病人提供更多保护，使他们免遭心脏停止导致的突然死亡的早期预报软件。
仅在德国每年就有10万人死于心脏停止。其中大部分是由于心律中断导致的。危险最大的是那些已经犯过一次心脏病的病人。几年来除颤器被证实在控测心律中止和在几秒中内实施自动干涉以调整心律的诊断中是有用的。这种方法起到了很多作用，例如起博器。
弗莱伯大学诊所的心脏病专家已经在内置除颤器方面取得了突破性成就。这种除颤器可以在体内产生六个频道的心电图。这个综合体系使血液流通总是和即将发生的心脏病可被早些诊断出来。今年它将第一次被植入病人体内。同时，凯瑟劳特的弗劳胡佛实用数学学院的研究者开发了一种新计算机软件。这种软件使心电图数据更加准确。
大部分有风险的患 者不能用内置除颤器，因此必须接受常规的心电图检查。“目前的许多计划只把数据的线形关系考虑在内。但是我们现在使用的是能够将心脏跳动的混乱模工作为一个直观而又复杂的系统提示出来的非线性处理方法”。海根?纳夫说，“这样心脏跳动频率的变化就会受到控制，而病人个人的特征也会得到考虑。”一个基于600位犯心脏病的患者的以前的心电图数据研究使科学家们能够比较两种风险，结果显示新软件明显能更好地处理心电图数据。
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